1.0 NAPNAP contact hour of which 1.0 contain pharmacology content (Rx), (1.0 is related to psychopharmacology), (0.25 is related to controlled substance). This continuing education activity is offered free to NAPNAP Members. For nonmembers, this continuing education activity rate is $10. 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common mental health disorder among children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 9.8% in children 3 to 17 years of age (Bitsko et al., 2022).  The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has published guidelines for treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents ages 4 to 17 years that address diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of ADHD (Wolraich et al., 2019).  The AAP guidelines do not address treatment of children with co-morbidities but identify the treatment of ADHD in children with comorbidities as an area for future research.  To address this gap, a review of ADHD treatment in children with comorbidities including anxiety, depression, substance use disorder (SUD), epilepsy, tic disorders (TD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), learning disabilities (LD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and sleep disorders was conducted. 
J Pediatr Health Care. (2025) 39, Issue 2, 318-325.

IMPORTANT: You must be logged in using your NAPNAP Username and Password to be recognized as a Member of NAPNAP.  If you are a current member of NAPNAP, and you are being asked to purchase this activity at the Non-Member rate, please contact the NAPNAP National Office at (877) 662-7627 to request assistance prior to entering any payment information.

Participants are forbidden to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or resell this course in any other form. For copyright-related questions, please email your question to: [email protected] 

Copyright © 2024 by the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This continuing education activity is administered by the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP) as an Agency providing continuing education credit. Individuals who complete this program and earn a 70% or higher score on the post test will be awarded 1.0 NAPNAP contact hour of which 1.0 contain pharmacology content (Rx), (1.0 is related to psychopharmacology), (0.25 is related to controlled substance).

Keywords: ADHD, treatment, comorbidities